Frankenstein's Attempt to abandon the Creature in the Real Monster Essay

Frankenstein's Attempt to forsake the Creature in the Real Monster - Essay Example Consequently, the facetious inquiry that ascents here is: â€Å"who is the genuine beast then?† on a superficial level, it appears that since Dr. Frankenstein has made, he is the genuine insidiousness or the genuine beast. In any case, a more profound investigation will essentially uncover that Dr. Frankenstein as a researcher who is acceptable willed enough to find the riddle of Nature so as to expel the flaw is the beast; rather his attitude to surrender his animal (likewise his inability to mingle it) as a result of its horrible appearance is the genuine beast for this situation. The Real Monster: Frankenstein’s Refusal to Socialize the Creature Those who expect Dr. Frankenstein himself as the genuine beast contend that his endeavor to make life is to be deciphered as a tremendous wrongdoing against nature and the desire of God. The establishment of Frankenstein’s offense against Nature is: â€Å"Frankenstein is a renegade against nature when he attempts not exclusively to locate the mystery of life yet additionally to evacuate life's defects† (Rohrmoser 3). Such recommendation that like the unbelievable Prometheus, Doctor Frankenstein can be considered liable for offense against nature and God is additionally reinforced by the assumption that in the long run Shelly’s hero has been rebuffed essentially for perpetrating such wrongdoing. Yet, this proposition about Frankenstein’s offense against nature goes up against a straightforward inquiry, â€Å"Does Frankenstein plans to make a monster?† Textual confirmations in the end will uncover that Doctor Frankenstein has no goal to make a beast; rather his sole target is to correct the nature’s blemish by getting a handle on the privileged insights of life. For sure his numbness about how to sustain his animal that clearly resembles a detestable causes the last destruction he endures toward the finish of the novel. By viably delivering an innocent imitative b eing, he basically propounds that man can get the privileged insights of life and passing and scanning for the mysteries of life and demise is not much. In any case, Frankenstein’s colossal wrongdoing lies in the way that he surrenders the lab-made animal in view of its frightful look in a split second after its introduction to the world. Clearly he carries out this wrongdoing being uninformed of his obligation that more noteworthy information forces upon him and by declining to assume the protective job of supporting the animal. He has not carried out any wrongdoing by looking for the privileged insights of life. Formation of a Naive Monster: A Success of Frankenstein’s Good-willed Research Mary Shelly’s endeavor to invest the beast with humanly emotions and desires in a general sense discredits the case that the animal is a beast. Simultaneously it additionally propounds that Frankenstein’s research in nature’s privileged insights is neither inco nceivable not profane. The terrible appearance of the animal isn't sufficient to demonstrate that Frankenstein’s tremendous goal to conflict with the desire of God has fizzled. In fact his prosperity lies in the way that he has effectively made a being that can learn like a man; that additionally has humanly desires to adore and to be cherished. The animal needs to have a female one. Such need demonstrates its craving to cherish and to be adored. Rather than being appalled by the creature’s horrendous appearance, Frankenstein as a mindful researcher could mingle him. Be that as it may, similar to a yearning researchers, his aspiration drives him to accomplish popularity without being capable towards his creation. Frankenstein himself perceives the blemish of his aspiration in the accompanying sentences, â€Å"How perilous is the procurement of information, and how much more joyful that man is who

Censoring Our Students :: Argumentative, Legal Issues, Social Issues

â€Å"Students don't shed their sacred rights to the right to speak freely of discourse or articulation at the school building gates.† - Justice William Brennan For a long time it has been discussed whether understudies have a similar alteration rights as some other individual on the planet. Many would state that they don't. They would state that by removing those state given rights they are shielding the understudies from being presented to negative things. Sadly the main thing that is being cultivated by this overprotection is the absence of comprehension of the world they will before long be confronting. â€Å"Why not stand firm as an open foundation that communicates and investigates the mind boggling scope of human encounters? For what reason be political and contrite about the way that we don't avoid troublesome, testing, and complex themes? (Durbin)† There isn’t an increasingly suitable proclamation. Why not stand firm? Get ready understudies for this present reality. Show them how to endure. By blue penciling out issues or just permitting restricted conversations of prominent subjects, understudies are not being presented to fundamental abilities that are significant to this present reality. In this manner setting them up for disappointment.      The American state funded schools, for a long time, have been confronted with the issue of restriction. Numerous such issues have been cultivated by bunches who question the utilization of instructional materials that don't meet their ethical, strict, political, social, or ethic esteems (Sherrow 38). By editing subjects, for example, homosexuality, religion, sex, racial issues, and other no-no points it isn't permitting the development and extension of student’s minds.

Case Study Of Barclays Premier Banking Marketing Essay

Case Study Of Barclays Premier Banking Marketing Essay There is probably no person in the world that has never heard about Barclays Banking system. It is wildly popular given its efficiency and transparency. However, we will also look into other factors which make Barclays Bank one of the best options on the market. What makes users opt for this banking system? There are tonnes of different factors which customers are influenced with even without knowing it. First of all, there is the culture which moves them toward this decision. It works almost invisibly but pushes potential clients to choose this bank over others. Also, there are factors which identify how well the product is present on the global scale. The best part is that this establishment has nothing to worry about when it comes to global presentation, as they have a lot to offer here. Besides, customers who come from the higher layers of society chose the Premier Banking because it supports their prestige, and this means a lot to them. That is why it is truly a great strategy to make an accent on the prestige and let people enjoy the benefits of the program. Also, customers of this Bank can benefit from the support of the assistance provided by a team of professionals who will be there day and night taking care of their clients. They can come up with the best solutions for the occasion as well as the function all day long to keep clients satisfied. Besides, the Bank offers its customers all kinds of rewards and benefits which make people feel cared about. Barclays Premier try to do their best to function in a way that is acceptable for clients. So, they add flexible propositions and offer exclusive benefits for Premier customers only. Studying how Barclays attract and keep their customers happy and loyal can be an incredible opportunity for individuals interested in learning more about consumers’ habits. Thus, customers are more likely to be loyal if they know that day or night you are ready to help. For this reason, the bank has round-the-clock call centre all available to answer your questions. And another benefit, though it is not as crucial to clients’ decisions on a bank is the special parking lots for customers with Premier-level services. To have better access to the services Barclays has to offer, the employees of the bank created special parking lots. This was a huge thing in its days and made some customers opt for this bank among other options. So, there is a lot one can learn from how the Barclays runs its business. They truly use the best and most powerful world practices that influence their customers even in the ways they not expect. Many banks today can use them as a perfect example of conducting business with people of the higher classes.

The Negative Impacts of the Harlem Renaissance Essay

The 1920’s were a period or rapid growth and change in America. After World War I American’s were introduced to a lifestyle of lavishness they had never encountered before. It was a period of radical thought and ideas. It was in this time period that the idea of the Harlem Renaissance was born. The ideology behind the Harlem Renaissance was to create the image of the â€Å"New Negro†. The image of African-American’s changed from rural, uneducated â€Å"peasants† to urban, sophisticated, cosmopolites. Literature and poetry abounded. Jazz music and the clubs where it was performed at became social â€Å"hotspots†. Harlem was the epitome of the â€Å"New Negro†. However, things weren’t as sunny as they appeared. Many felt that the Harlem Renaissance itself†¦show more content†¦What seemed to be at first a good idea was a subtle form of racism and stereotyping. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Racism was not eliminated during the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, it was more prevalent then ever. The Ku Klux Klan included a membership of more then 4.5 million members by the mid 1920’s. In 1924 they passed out membership cards stating, â€Å"When aliens run the United Stated States†¦then the Ku Klux Klan won’t be worth a damn.† (Document C) The KKK fed on the fear created by the Harlem Renaissance. Many Whites weren’t used to the idea of Blacks having an influence, and they panicked. Organizations like the KKK utilized this fear to increase their membership to staggering proportions. They continued to torment the African-Americans, and continued the practice of racial bigotry. In 1922, Congress passed an Anti-Lynching Bill stating that, â€Å"depriving any person of his life without authority of law† was a criminal offense. (Document A) However, lynching and burnings still took place. Before the end of 1929 the KKK had lynched more then 200 African-Americans. Congress was ill equipped to enforce this bill, and it had little effect in the areas that needed it most. The KKK believed in White Supremacy and that their problems were caused by Blacks. They continued to discriminate and instill a sense of fear in these people. The use of chain gangs as a form of punishment was still in widespreadShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impacts of the Harlem Renaissance1169 Words   |  5 Pagesthe idea of the Harlem Renaissance was born. The ideology behind the Harlem Renaissance was to create the image of the New Negro. The image of African-Americans changed from rural, uneducated peasants to urban, sophisticated, cosmopolites. Literature and poetry abounded. Jazz music and the clubs where it was performed at became social hotspots. Harlem was the epitome of the New Negro. However, things werent as sunny as they appeared. Many felt that the Harlem Renaissance itself wasnt soRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Literary, Artistic, Cultural And Intellectual Movement1485 Words   |  6 PagesTatiana Moore Mrs. Donald English III 26 March 2014 The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a literary, artistic, cultural and intellectual movement. The word renaissance means rebirth or revival. African Americans during this time were being pressured by Jim Crow Laws in the South. These laws separated the races tremendously (Roses). African Americans appeared ignorant, poor, and servile. Hate groups and hate crimes alarmed families, and they collectively decided it was time to make aRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreExploring African American History : The Harlem Renaissance1521 Words   |  7 PagesTi’Anna Smith Period 1 AP World History 12-14-15 Exploring African American History: The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance originally known as the New Negro Movement was an important part of African American culture and history, which helped African Americans express themselves and celebrate their heritage. Between the years of 1890-1920 close to two million African Americans traveled from the rural southern states to the northern cities. They traveled to these northern cities in hopesRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Renaissance was they had really short life there was no black people in it other than artists. Harlem Renaissance were first one to criticize black and white. They came to dominate Harlem Renaissance through creativity and culture. Madhubuti’s contention, Jeffery Stewart stated after major victories of the civil rights movement another intellectual and cultural rebellion called Black Power movement. Madhubuti’s, a black arts movement members relationship with Harlem Renaissance is one ofRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Is Embraced As One Of The Most Influential1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance is embraced as one of the most influential artistic movements within African American culture. This period embraced black art, poetry, fiction, drama, and visual art. Visual art was vital to the movement, as many artists sought for representation of black individuals as the art realm was grossly dominated by white artists, who gave very little thought or recognition towards black subject matter. The visual art renaissance featured Aaron Douglas, Palmer C. Hayden, ArchibaldRead MoreTableau Analytical Essay . The Harlem Renaissance Was A1351 Words   |  6 PagesTableau Analytical Essay The Harlem Renaissance was a turning point for the United States as a whole, but more importantly African American Culture. African Americans in the United States became more prominent and involved in society. Culturally and artistically African Americans began to thrive as they began to fully express themselves and become more involved in American society. Countee Cullen, an African American, was apart of the artistic movement. Through his writing Cullen exemplified theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1138 Words   |  5 PagesKlan, the Great Depression, and Prohibition. But so many positive things happened in the 1920’s which made it a positive time. The time period of the 1920’s was a positive time in American history because The Harlem Renaissance, The Golden Age, and inventions. The 1920’s was not a negative time. Many groups that were not expected before started to stand up for themselves to get equal rights. â€Å" Many Blacks began to take pride in their ethnicity and great outpouring of art, literature, and musicRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between Yet Do I Marvel and If We Must Die1441 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Cirillo 6 March 2013 Dr. Dalessio Eng 1011 Similarities and Differences between â€Å"Yet Do I Marvel† and â€Å"If We Must Die† During the Harlem Renaissance, many African Americans struggled through a shifting period in time from slavery to equality. Some African Americans expressed their feelings at that time through poetry such as â€Å"Yet Do I Marvel† written by Countee Cullen and â€Å"If We Must Die† by Claude McKay. In â€Å"Yet Do I Marvel† Cullen writes about how the struggles he is facing relateRead More The History of Harlem - Cultural Epicenter of America’s Black community2254 Words   |  10 Pagesof which being the negatives stigmas that unfairly generalize their people, culture and way of life. Therese stereotypes of a whole nationality label Blacks as, â€Å"superstitious, lazy, ignorant, dirty, unreliable, (and even) criminal,† (â€Å"Stereotypes†). Such generalizations are products of the public’s perception, which has been diluted by rooted historic and current prejudice as well as the media’s conveyance of a well-known African Ame rican cultural center: Harlem. Despite negative connotations associated

The Segregation Of South Africa - 846 Words

Africa is a country with many different government parties, each having its own legislation. Although much of the country is of the non-white population, the government officials in South Africa were all white. This lack of diversity within the government led to the establishment of racial segregation, the term used for this segregation was apartheid. Many of the issues that led to the eventual establishment of segregation stemmed from the 1913 Land Act, â€Å"marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers.†(History) For nearly 35 years, the power of the segregation grew cumulating once the Afrikaner National Party won the elections in 1948. After the National Party took control of the government, they passed legislation implementing controls on the interactions that the population would have between the different ethicizes. Not only were the people segregated, but the land was also divided between white and nonwhite territories. While the apartheid was in full affect, there were different social groups for each race the Bantu was a term used for the all black people. The government in 1958 feared the possibility of the Bantu people strengthening in a combined power eventually raising against the government. Due to this fear, the government divided the Bantu people in to separate group with the intentions that if the people are separated they would not have the powerShow MoreRelatedSegregation Laws in South Africa709 Words   |  3 Pagesoutlaw it. Also this law allowed the government to ban the right to public assembly. [1] In Nelson Mandela, the African National Congress found a man with great political potential experience and a leader that could unite an entire nation against segregation and discrimination. Mandela had political influence since his childhood. He was born in the small village of Mvezo. His father was the leader of this town. From his father Mandela learned a lot about political leadership. [4] Mandela was the firstRead MoreRacial Segregation in The Bahamas and in South Africa2403 Words   |  10 Pages A dramatic turn of a century for Black Bahamians and Black South Africans. There are many challenges that led to this dramatic turn as both societies underwent similar hardships. Both countries were under the yoke of colonized foreign systems where they were governed: the Bahamas under the British system and Africa under the English and Dutch. Similarly, both were dominated and suppressed by the white minority who ensured that the black majority remained in bondage. â€Å"History punishes those whoRead MoreRacial Segregation And The National Party Of South Africa2978 Words   |  12 Pages1948, â€Å"A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race†, was in full effect (Apartheid History). The National Party of South Africa founded in 1914, which consisted of white Afrikaners, gained full political power (Apartheid History). With their whi te supremacy and pro-apartheid views, they strictly enforced new and existing policies of racial segregation. The Institutionalized concepts of racial discrimination called for any non-white South African to be subject to policiesRead MoreNelson Mandela s Eradication Of The Apartheid1327 Words   |  6 Pageshis legacy remains not just in South Africa but the entire world. Nelson Mandela participated in the eradication of the apartheid, and in 1994 became South Africa’s first black president. Mandela and many other black South Africans worked hard to end the unjust segregation in South Africa, and they were successful in destroying the wicked apartheid system. Over 20 years after the eradication of the apartheid, is South Africa completely free of the past segregation and social problems it faced beforeRead MoreFor the Good of South Africa in Theophilus Msimangus Cry, the Beloved Country 1657 Words   |  7 Pagespowerful quote spoken by Msimangu which reflects among his c haracter throughout the book. Msimangu hoped for people living in South Africa to forget race and to instead think of what would best help the country. Although South Africa has been on a rocky path, they do seem to have taken a turn on the right path, on the path to racial equality for all. Unfortunately, South Africa has not fully met Msimangus ideas on which people of all races work together solely to help for the good of the country.Read MoreNelson Mandela is a Worldwide Influence973 Words   |  4 Pagesnever stopped striving to make a large impact on not only South Africa, but the world as well (Schoemaker). Nelson Mandela is a major worldwide influence due to his key role in the transformation of South Africa from apartheid to democracy, the numerous charities he established and supported, and his lifelong dedication to ending racial segregation permanently in South Africa. Nelson Mandela was key in the transformation of South Africa from apartheid to democracy. He was the youngest son of aRead MoreHow the Apartheid Came to Be in South Africa1184 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1948, apartheid was introduced to South Africa. Apartheid means apartness and is the political policy of racial segregation. Each racial group was segregated from other races within South Africa. These groups consisted of whites, blacks and coloreds (Asians and Indians). The minority white population had the rule over the whole country. Apartheid did not only detach whites from non-whites, but it also set apart the Blacks from the Coloreds. When apartheid ended in 1994 a legacy was leftRead MoreGke 1 Task 21300 Words   |  6 Pageshis role in fighting apartheid and being the first multi-racial president of South Africa. His presidency created a significant change in the perception and building of a multiracial society in South Africa and around the world. Nelson Mandela was al so known to be a leader of a civil rights organization known as the African National Congress. The purpose of the African National Congress was to demolish racial segregation and discrimination. The two most significant social changes made by Nelson MandelaRead MoreThe New Union Of South Africa1379 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Union of South Africa was formed of the four South African provinces. The formation of the union was spurred on by the discovery of precious minerals on the Rand between the two Afrikaner republics; this event is known as the Mineral Revolution. A result of this industrialization is a segregation that plagued South Africa’s transformation into an nation and climaxed into the institution of apartheid. This racial segregation lead to the suppression of black and colored South Africans. ThoughRead MoreThe Issue Of South Africa1714 Words   |  7 Pages Many of the contemporary issues in South Africa can easily be associated with the apartheid laws which devastated the country. The people of South Africa struggle day by day to reverse â€Å"the most cruel, yet well-crafted,† horrific tactic â€Å"of social engineering.† The concept behind apartheid emerged in 1948 when the nationalist party took over government, and the all-white government enforced â€Å"racial segregation under a system of legislation† . The central issues stem from 50 years of apartheid

Analysis on settlement hierachy coursework Free Essays

In my introduction of my investigation I made a hypothesis that said, â€Å"the settlements of Prestwood and Wendover demonstrate the settlement hierarchy.† I predicted that Prestwood was a large village and Wendover was a small town, and I said that I would try and prove this by observing and comparing the two settlements with each other. Over the last four months I have investigated this hypothesis thoroughly and my results and data presentation have proved that my hypothesis was correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on settlement hierachy coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have collected this data in various different techniques, but my main technique was the questionnaire, which I carried out in both settlements. Some of which is primary information, like the questionnaire which I designed, the photographs which I took of particular services and characteristics in each settlement which I collected all myself; and some of it is secondary information like the data which I collected from the Aylesbury reference library. My data helps show that the two settlements that I carried out my investigation in, Prestwood and Wendover are placed in some sort of order in the settlement hierarchy. Prestwood is the smaller settlement of the two with a population of 7124 people, and Wendover being the larger settlement of the two having a population of 8612 people; I collected this data form the Aylesbury reference library. Also in Wendover there is a wider range of places where the people have visited from in Wendover, whereas in Prestwood the majority of people visited from within the settlement and so I sketched out a land use survey of the services and whether or not they were high or low. After examining and comparing each of the settlement diagrams I realized that there is higher amount of high order services in Wendover than Prestwood which symbolizes another characteristic of a town. Whilst collecting my data for my questionnaire I had to write down the services available and whether they were low or high services. I found out that Wendover has a larger amount of services available than Prestwood and so more people would visit the settlement due to the wider range of services. I carried out a traffic survey also and I found out that Wendover has a higher average of vehicles passed per minute in a busy part of the settlement than Prestwood. 1. What are the populations of the two settlements? To investigate about this question I researched and collected information from the Aylesbury reference library. During my visit there I found out the population of each settlement. I discovered that the population of people living in Prestwood is 7124 people. I also found that Wendover has a population of 8612 people. Due to the fact that I found out that Wendover has a larger population of people than Wendover it gives us the impression that it is a larger settlement also and more likely to be stated as being a town than a village. This makes my theory and prediction correct, when I stated that the larger settlement would have a larger population. 2. What services are available in each settlement? (Low/High) The settlement of Wendover contains of a large number of low, medium and high order services, with a total number of 10 low order, 21 medium order and 10 high order services. In the certain area of which I carried out my investigation there were a number of 10 low and medium order services and 8 high order services. The settlement of Prestwood contains mostly medium order services with some low order and one or two high order services. In the certain area of which I carried out my investigation in Prestwood there were a number of 10 low and medium orders services and 6 high order services. These facts agree with my theory and prediction of; the settlement with the larger population would have a larger number of high order services and the smaller settlement would have a larger percentage of low and medium order services. I think that this is true due to the fact that if there are more people living in the settlement there will correspondingly have a range of low, medium and high order services. 3. How far do people travel to visit Prestwood and Wendover for their services? (High/Low) During my investigation I carried out a questionnaire to find out information about this question. In the settlement of Wendover people travelled from distant surroundings like the outskirts of Aylesbury and Princes Risborough. Whereas in the settlement of Prestwood I found out that there are only very few people whom visit the services actually outside Prestwood, let alone travelling a long distance to use the services. I also discovered whilst carrying out my questionnaire in Wendover that most people whom have visited from a distance used the high order services, while on the contrary the settlement of Prestwood most people visited to use the low order services. These statistics give me the impression that people are only willing to travel a long distance to use the high order services rather than in Prestwood most people have travelled from within the village or the outskirts of it. Due to the fact that there are more high order services available in Wendover may be the reason in why there is a higher amount of people using the services, and why more people have travelled to Wendover from a distance than Prestwood. From my questionnaire research I found that the general maximum people travel to visit Prestwood is the settlement of Gt. Kingshill, which is only 3 minutes away from the services. I have not included the person whom visited from Aylesbury or Hughenden or the person whom was passing through, due to the number for each was so little. In extent, the maximum length people travel to use the services of Wendover was the settlements of Gt. Missenden and Prestwood, which is roughly 7 miles. 4. Do the number of services available reflect the population of each settlement? In Wendover the number of services does reflect the population of the settlement; this is due to having the population of a small town, being smaller than the large town and bigger than a large village. This is corresponding in the amount of the services and the type of order of the services, as there are more services, with a higher order than the small village but a smaller amount of services than the large town. In Prestwood the number of services does also reflect population of the settlement; this is due to having the population of a large village, being smaller than a small town but larger than a small village. This also corresponds in the amount of the services and the type of order of the services within the settlement. These statistics prove my prediction to be accurate due to the fact that I stated that the larger settlement, the higher the number of services available and the smaller the settlement the lower the number of services available. 5. How many vehicles pass in a certain place of each settlement? In the certain area of which I carried out my traffic survey in Wendover there seemed to be an awful lot more vehicles passing than in the area in Prestwood. I encountered that the average number of vehicles passed in Wendover was 22.467, which is a reasonable high amount. The average number of vehicles in Prestwood was 15.867. These statistics symbolizes the difference of traffic between a town and a village. The larger the settlement the more cars travelling throughout. In my opinion this is due to the population of Wendover being more then Prestwood being higher and so accordingly there should be a higher amount of cars travelling about. The data I gathered follows the theories I introduced in my introduction precisely, this states about the Settlement Hierarchy. All the settlements followed the settlement hierarchy. This theory states that the smaller the settlement and population the less frequency and quality of the services. Therefore the small towns, with small populations, have very few services and the ones that it does are of low quality. Oppositely the large settlements, with large populations, will have more services which are of better quality. I can see this trend of data in my results and data presentation. Prestwood has a smaller population so pursuing my theory it should have fewer services which are mostly of high and low order services, and from my data I can see that is true. Wendover is a larger settlement and has a larger population so, in agreement with my theory, it should have more services, which are of a high order. During the time in which I carried out my questionnaire in Prestwood I asked a man where he had travelled from to use the service he had used, and he replied that he was from Newport in Wales and had come down to visit some of his family. Due to this being very unusual answer I counted his data as an anomaly and did not include it in my results table or in any of my graphs. This interpretation does not relate to my knowledge of the area and that is one of the reasons in which I have not included this in my data. Another is that it does not agree and correspond with my theory and is a one-off occurrence during my investigation. As I have stated before, the settlement of Wendover would obviously be placed above Prestwood in the settlement hierarchy. But if I were asked to place them appropriately on the settlement hierarchy this is where I would. As you can see above I have placed the two settlements appropriately; Wendover is plotted beside the small town section and Prestwood at the top of the village section which is symbolizing that its is not quite a small town but a large village. In conclusion, during the time that I have carried out my investigation on whether â€Å"the settlements of Prestwood and Wendover demonstrate the settlement hierarchy† I have discovered many factors in thorough detail. I have found out that the settlement of Wendover and the settlement of Prestwood do in fact demonstrate in some order the settlement hierarchy. From my own knowledge, experiments and techniques I have made an opinion of my own that Prestwood is a large village and Wendover is a small town. I have discovered through secondary information from the Aylesbury reference library that the settlement of Prestwood has a population of 7124 people, and Wendover, the larger settlement of the two has a population of 8612 people. I have also established that the two settlements of Wendover and Prestwood also demonstrate the order of services hierarchy due to finding out that the larger population the larger the number of high order services and the smaller the settlement the larger percentage of low and medium order services. The larger the population the higher the number of services within and so there is a higher majority of people visiting from far distances. The higher the number of services in the settlement the larger the population and the larger the settlement the busier the roads and the higher amount of vehicles passing. How to cite Analysis on settlement hierachy coursework, Papers

Self Manages Supernnuation Fund Industry

Question: Describe about the Self Manages Supernnuation Fund Industry. Answer: 1. Bearing in mind that there are client looking up to me for a piece of advice on their self-managed super fund organization, I would ensure that I cover the following areas during our interview: Governing rules, trustee must follow the rules and guidelines put in place to ensure smooth operation of the fund and its members. I would also emphasize more on the fund trust deed as it is the document that determines how the fund is to be governed. Strategic plan is also another hot topic that can never be left out when addressing issuescommandingself-managed super fund as it is the item that explains what the fund aims to achieve (Henderson, 2012). Also most of our hard earned income gets lost during taxation, therefore I cannot fail to touch on this subject matter and highlight on how having a self-managed super fund will go a long way in reducing this tax. Finally succession planning will also be included in my bucket since it is at this stage where most self-managed super funds end up collapsing due to poor succession. After all why run a prosperousself-managed super fund only to drop it at the end (Phillips, 2011). As I prepare my clients to attend the interview, I will request them to ensure that they involve all their trustees and if possible ensure they all attend. Also along with them they should carry their self-managed super fund legal documents, financial statements, list of members financial plans, and registration documents. The above mentioned documents will be very handy as Iassess their self-managed super fund structure, so as toadvise them accordingly on the way forward and how they will be able to avoid future costs implications. In a bid to build a close and harmonious relationship with my clients I would employ the following strategies, Emotional mirroring: This entails being a good listener and ensuring that you are on the Clients side story so that you manage to understand the underlying points while presenting. It is showing empathy. Posture mirroring Posture mirroring involves reading the clients body language and imitating it in a way that you give feedback rather than mockery during interview conversations. Tone and tempo mirroring This is matching the tone and tempo of the client while you engage in a conversation. Reciprocity Reciprocity is the act of giving gifts to clients without asking for something in return in order to trigger the feeling of obligation to the client. The points to be regard during afinancial service guide presentation are as follows; How to deal with a complaint if a client is unhappy How the financial advisors are paid The advice and service rendered by the advisors Insurance policies and referrals As an advisor the kind of compensation I would expect to receive would include Fees only in this kind ofcompensationI the advisor will be compensated by fees paid by the client, this may take a percentage a flat retainer fee or an hourly fee or flat rate onetime project fee. This kind of remuneration will ensure that the client will not be engaged in future obligations of advisory fee pertaining the same matter under advisory (Phillips, 2011). Commission-based compensationcommission are to be paid as a percentage of the value of the investment under advisory, this form of compensation might go on for a continued period of time as it is payed once income is realized. E.g. the sale of an insurance policy that I had advised on. The compensation method is very flexible to the client as both the advisor and client will realize revenue at the same time moreover the client is bearing a lighter baggage as commissions are negotiable. Fee and commission based compensation Such arrangement of compensation may be arranged where I will be advising on a financial plan and latter seeing it through its implementation and realization. This ensures that I provide continuous advisory throughout the investment period. (f) The range of products that I will be providing advice on will include; Investment portfolio-investment should be divers in order to spread the risk and avoid major losses. Tax position the client should know the various ways he can minimize his tax burden or avoid it totally Social security investment. Pros and cons of such a fund should be made aware to the customer in relation to retirement. Existing debt the client should be guided on how to recover or clear his debt at all cost. Need for capital growth. After investment it is wise to ensure that the portfolio is always increasing in value due to the devaluation of currency. (g) In case a client is having a dispute, he should follow the following steps to resolve it. The client should identify a reputable ombudsman organization and register his complain The organization will collect information from the client and self-managed super fund organization or any other financial organization that the client is enjoying their services, regarding the complaint. During this period the client will give room for the information to be collected. After this the organization will make a decision regarding the complaint. If the client will still not be satisfied by the decision arrived at by the ombudsman, the ombudsman will provide him with a written assessment on how they think the dispute should be resolved and take it to ASCIS. 2. For a client to need the services of SMFS he or she should be having the following features. He/she should be longing for a means to protect small business or assets. The client should be an individual who is looking for a means in which he/she can quickly buy and exchange assets with minimal tax implications. Cutting cost is another aspect that the client would be focusing on in order to join anself-managed super fund The client would also like to avoid tax, by joining self-managed super fundhe will achieve this since once self-managed super fundstart paying pensions they are not taxed on capital gains due to a sale of asset. Finally the client would be aiming to acquire assets that are so expensive that he cant afford them on his own but by joining forces he is able to own part of the property The reason as to why we as financial planners may require to utilize self-managed super fund will include; Self-managed super fundstructures are effective and avoid administrative weaknesses since I and the other members are much in control of our investments decisions therefore the time lag experienced in large funds organization when a request is lodged, will not be the same in our fund. Due to the uncertainty of the future, self-managed super fund is very flexible such that when one reaches 60 years and above he will be able to withdraw benefits tax free before death to avoid potential death benefits tax payable by beneficiarys e.g. my adult children. With a large self-managed super fundI will be able to cut cost since once it accumulates large balances above $200,000 and above administrative cost will not be felt that much is it is in small funds, since administrative funds are fixed regardless of fund balances Once the self-managed super fundstarts paying pension I will be able to enjoy the advantage of not paying tax on capital gains once we sell an asset. (c) The benefits of self-managed super fundwith regard to the following headings will include Personal control- in a self-managed super fundone is able to cut cost, buy and sell assets quickly, protect assets and also withdraw tax-free benefits in future. At the same time each trustee has control on the investment decisions to be made. Cost control- self-managed super funds have a potential of cutting cost on administration once they accumulate balances more than$200,000 since the administrative cost is uniform regardless of the balance deposits. Investment flexibility: a member of self-managed super fund has the ability to change their investments and asset allocation of their portfolios quickly and at ease. If I was a large fund for instance, an investment company there would be a delay between when the investment changes are requested and when they are affected. Retirement Income Streams- as an investment vehicle self-managed super fundare convenient since they provide good returns that do not attract capital gains tax once they dispose an asset so long as it is paying pension. Moreover the fund can be inherited by the kids once they come of legal age. Protection from Creditors- self-managed super fundsare a good means of protecting assets as well as business. This prevents the creditors from accessing your personal property, since it offers asset protection succession planning and security of tenancy. Life Insurance-once one joins a self-managed super fundhis life insurance is declared null and void, however the trustees have an option of purchasing a life insurance that covers all the trustees Estate Planning- most of the times individual finance might be limited when one is to acquire expensive assets with low savings. Members of self-managed super fundhave an advantage of combining their funds and acquiring assets that are deemed expensive and own a portion of it. Taxation Planning- if you are a person who would like to avoid tax or even pay zero tax then self-managed super fund is the way to go since it offers an option of tax-free benefit withdrawal once you are aged above 60 years or evenavoid capital gains tax when selling an asset so long as pension I being paid by Self-Managed Super Fund. (D) The following disadvantages are associated with Self-Managed Super Fund. Self-Managed Super Funds are time consuming since it requires one to be fully and actively involved in the management of the entity and also all the administrative and day to day investment duties depend on the trustees(Phillips, 2009).. Lack of investment knowledge may pose as a challenge since all the investment decisions depend on the trustees despite having a financial advisor, the penalties will be imposed on the trustees incase the funds fail to remit returns on time. Non-compliance penalties are also a disadvantage as the tax office that regulates self-managed super funds has the power to freeze the funds due to non-compliance status. Causing a tax shocker. Administrative cost are all uniform regardless the self-managed super fundhas huge or small balances, this is a disadvantage to self-managed super funds with small balances as it eats up the funds and make it costly to run the investments operations. 3. The clients will not meet their requirements without my advice since it is their first time to be involved in aSelf-Managed Super Fund. The assumptions that I made in relation to my decision is that While Frank has run a successful business for many years, he has only limited investment experience and Frank and Heather describe themselves as growth motivated investors. This puts them at a very big risk of losing their funds in the trustees either due to non-compliance or poor investment choice. The information source that have used to arrive at my conclusion is the case study above where it states that While Frank has run a successful business for many years, he has only limited investment experience and Frank and Heather describe themselves as growth motivated investors. Investment restrictions that are put in place by government for Self-Managed Super Funds are: You cannot buy or sell assets from members You cannot lend money to members or any other related parties. Assets bought for commercial basis cannot be sold below the market value Borrowing money from your self-managed super fund is restricted unless under certain conditions. 4. TheEdithvale Retirement Fund managed to raise enough fund of $625,000 above threshold,also the fund was timely since in two years time Edithvale Retirement Fund will not be subject to capital gains tax or income tax as frank retires. However at the moment all the three members of the fund are fully committed and no one is free to run the operations of the self-managed super fund (Phillips, 2011). Also the fund has a member who is currently remitting funds but has no legal recognition of belonging to Edithvale Retirement Fund this might pose achallenge to this member regarding his finance in the fund and therefore the trustees should ensure that legal documentation is availed for the member to be recognized (Murden, (2014). (b) Considering that frank wants to transfer his business toEdithvale Retirement Fund, with least cost possible incurred, he should do the following; Value the business and estimate its current market price and then spread the price in specie over the years. Since he is aged 61 he can treat the business as a contribution to the fund where he will be contributing $100,000 yearly and once he is 65 years old he can be contributing $450,000 a year till the fund fully owns the business., this will ensure that he avoids the concessional contribution tax which is 46.5% per year on excess contribution. In addition it will ensure the income tax from business will be tax free once self-managed super fund hits the pension phase (Phillips, 2009).. Strategic Planning -since already frank and his already own a house it will be much protected while under the fund and also it will help in acquiring more assets through external debt since the fund will have more leverage Tax planning and structuring the-three members soul ensure that they do not dispose any kind of asset belonging to the fund until it starts to pay pensions in order to enjoy capital gains tax free in future while it pays pension Superannuation and retirement -contributions being made to the fund should be more than enough to generate enough income such that after retirement frank and his wife wont realize any reduction on their annual income in fact it will more than what they used to live on (Phillips, 2009). Estate and succession planning-while the advisor in most times focuses on how to invest, at this stage he is very crucial together with the legal officer as they are supposed to be present during the succession of the self-managed super fund as for frank the next trustee in linewill be his son and his wife as the other trustee (Henderson, 2012). Risk management - in order to manage or minimize risk on investment, the trustees of the fund, that is frank and his wife should diverse their portfolio so as to make sure even if one investment fails to remit returns on time the rest will still be in good shape. Asset protection once-frank has managed to transfer the business to the self-managed super fund he will enjoy asset protection from creditors and also payless tax on running the business. Investment advice the-newly formed self-managed super fund is doing fine though it would be wise to exploit other investment vehicles such as shares and government bonds in order to increase the returns. Cash flow management-every member of the fund should ensure that he or she has kept track of expenditure especially ben who is looking forward to start a family, it will also help him to realize his ability and power to save Personal budgeting-this ensures that the expenditure made is in line with the goals intended and thus avoid wastage of money on unnecessary goods 5. Preparations I will undertake before presenting my strategies are as follows 1 Ensure the content I am about to deliver is in line with what the client is looking for to avoid deviation on the topic. 2 Internalize the strategy such that I understand it well enough to connect it with the clients financial situation in order to yield solutions. 3 Have charts around in case I need to explain a concept using diagrams. Steps on how to transferreal-estate property to self-managed super fund. Theclient should first seek financial advice concerning the valuation of the property in order to ascertain the current market price of the asset, and then spread the amount throughout the following years (Murden, 2014). From there, he should seek legal advice on various means he can use to transfer the property to the self-managed super fund. The advice may include transferee by contribution where the client takes thevalue of the asset as a contribution to the self-managed super fund, where by the spread amount will be contributed after every year. The tax implication that will be involved with this option is only the concessional contribution tax which 46.5% that will take effect once the amount exceeds the stipulated contribution per year. Another way is to acquire the asset by simply purchasing it, though this will attract the (CGT) capital gains tax during transfer finally the individual may result to selling of the business shares to the self-managed super fund although the method has a lot paperwork and high cost implications. After the above advice the client settles on one option of transfer, Objections that might be raised by clients during presentation might include. How will I be able to manage aself-managed super fund yet I know nothing about financial investment? Response; that is the reason I am here to help you and walk you through the financial investment through self-managed super fund as a partner and ensure you get the maximum benefits possible. How am I sure that my investment is secure in case ofsudden death since once I join self-managed super fundmy insurance is void? Response; your insurance will be void definitely but the good news is that self-managed super fundcan take out insurance that ensures all trustees are covered, 6. The following steps are to be taken before self-managed super fundis in operation 1 draw up a trust deed 2 nominate trustees 3 clear the tax issues 4 Obtain atax fie number 5 create an investment strategy 6 open a bank account 7 Put money into the account 8 start buying assets (b) No. Action Who When 1. Sign Authority to Proceed C Now 2. Draw a trustee deed A After step 1 3. nominate trustee C After step 2 4. clear the tax issues A In due time 5. obtain atax file number A latter 6. create an investment strategy C Once step 3 is complete 7. open a bank account C After step 6 8. Put money into the fund C After step 7 9. Start buying property c Once the account reflects the deposit 7. The various changes that might provoke a review of my self-managed super fundstructure would be In case one of the members has reached the age of 65 years and wants to withdraw in order to enjoy the tax free benefit withdrawal, thus there will be a reduction in funds and hence a financial review will be necessary (Henderson, 2012). A review might also be considered in cases where the funds have out grown the present strategy and requires to shift focus on to larger investments, this also will demand a financial review. Tax office in charge of governingself-managed super funds may pass policies may trigger a review in case the current strategy is not in line with the newly formed policy. Competition from other self-managed super funds in the industry which are mushrooming everywhere nowadayswill bring a need to review my strategy in order to keep abreast with the market trends and also be in apposition to exploit more investment opportunities (Phillips, 2009). Inflation rates due to devaluation of currencies will influence a review and may be focus on assets that are less affected by inflation. As an advisor it is in order to ensure that you keep abreast with the current changes in policies regarding self-managed super funds in order to give my customers the best, to achieve this I will ensure that I occasionally visit the tax office website as well as the self-managed super fund governing bodys website in addition to reading journals and books that pertain investment. Also I will utilize the social media to my level best as it delivers a lot of information in almost real time basis. The level on going service that I would be offering would be Portfolio valuation Portfolio review Financial plan review Others e.g. strategy review Portfolio valuation will help in ensuring that the client has achieved his targeted investment or is on his way there and the targeted income per year is achieved within the stipulated period. Portfolio review will be beneficial in cases where there is a change in policies pertaining particular assets so as to ensure the self-managed super fund complies. Also such a review might be conducted in order to identify the assets that are performing and those that are not. Financial plan review is to be conducted in case the unexpected economic changes have delayed the income expected and hence it requires that the plan to change in order to meet the new trend Strategy review is conducted to ensure that incase a particular industry e.g. real-estate, has an overwhelming competition that is affecting the outcome of my clients inself-managed super fund, we will be able to sit down and come up with a new strategy. References Arnold, B., Bateman, H., Ferguson, A., Raftery, A. (2011). Understanding Assurance in the Australian Self-Managed Superannuation Fund Industry. SSRN Electronic Journal. Carney, T. Sceats, S. (2009). Retirement Security in Australia. SSRN Electronic Journal. Henderson, S. (2012). SMSF DIY guide. Richmond, Vic.: John Wiley Sons, Australia. Murden, M. (2014). How to invest in property through your self managed super fund. Heghett, Vic.: Major Street Publishing. Phillips, P. (2011). Will Self-Managed Superannuation Fund Investors Survive?. Australian Economic Review, 44(1), 51-63. Phillips, P., Baczynski, M., Teale, J. (2009). Can selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ managed superannuation fund trustees earn the equity risk premium?. Accounting Research Journal, 22(1), 27-45. Pino, A. Yermo, J. (2010). The impact of the 2007-2009 crisis on social security and private pension funds: A threat to their financial soundness?. International Social Security Review, 63(2), 5-30. Self managed superannuation funds. (2002). Canberra. Business review weekly: BRW. (2004). Melbourne: Business Review Weekly

The Military Development of Post

U.S. Teen Pregnancy and Abortion Rates

U.S. Teen Pregnancy and Abortion Rates Preventing teen pregnancy is one of those perennial hot-button issues in the news, and countless sources cite the statistic that 3/4 of a million teens become pregnant each year. But what are the real facts and figures on teenage pregnancy in the U.S.? How current is the data and is teen pregnancy overblown by the media? What are the statistics for teen abortions and teen births? The February 2012 study U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2008: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity, authored by Kathryn Kost and Stanley Henshaw and released by the Guttmacher Institute draws upon the most current estimates available and provides data on teen pregnancy rates in the United States in 2008 on a national level. Teen pregnancy rates differ from teen birth rates in that pregnancy rates include births, abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths. Current statistics including pregnancy, birth and abortion rates are outlined below. Number of Teenage Pregnancies In 2008, there were approximately 746,500 teen pregnancies involving young women and girls under age 20. The bulk of those pregnancies 733,000 were among teens age 15-19, while girls 14 and younger accounted for 13,500 pregnancies. Teenage Pregnancy Rate Among teens age 15-17, the pregnancy rate was 67.8 pregnancies per 1,000 women or 7% of the population. This rate was the lowest in over 30 years, down 42% from the peak pregnancy rate of 116.9 per thousand in 1990. Among girls 14 and younger, the pregnancy rate declined 62% from a high of 17.5 pregnancies per thousand in 1990 to 6.6 per thousand in 2008. Pregnancy Rate of Sexually Active Teens The pregnancy rate of sexually experienced teens (those who have ever had intercourse) was 158.5 pregnancies per thousand young women age 15-19, which indicates that the overall teenage pregnancy rate includes a significant proportion of teens who have never had sex. That rate reached its peak in 1990 when it was 223.1 per thousand a decline of 29%. Teenage Birth Rate In 2008 the teen birth rate was 40.2 births per 1,000 women, a drop of 35% from the peak rate of 61.8 per thousand in 1991. Teenage Abortion Rate In 2008 the teen abortion rate was 17.8 abortions per 1,000 women, the lowest rate since abortion was legalized. Abortion rates for teens peaked in 1988 at 43.5 per thousand; compared with the 2008 rate, that represents a decline of 59%. Although teen birth and abortion rates have been on a steady decline for more than two decades, in 2006 there was a short-lived increase in both the teenage birth and abortion rate. Both rates resumed their decline according to 2008 figures. Teenage Abortion Ratio The proportion of teen pregnancies that end in abortion (known as the abortion ratio) declined by a third from 1986-2008, from 46% to 31%. Teen Pregnancy Rates Across Racial and Ethnic Groups Although declines were seen among all three groups (white, black, Hispanic), the teen pregnancy rate remains higher among black teens and Hispanic teens as compared to non-Hispanic white teens. For non-Hispanic white teens, the pregnancy rate declined 50% since 1990 (from 86.6 pregnancies per 1,000 to 43.3). Among black women aged 15–19, the pregnancy rate dropped 48% between 1990 and 2008 (from 223.8 pregnancies per 1,000 to 117.0). Hispanic teenagers (of any race), the pregnancy rate fell 37% from its highest level between 1992 and 2008 (from 169.7 per 1,000 to 106.6.) Teen Pregnancy Rates and Racial Disparity When compared to each other, the disparity in teen pregnancy rates across racial and ethnic groups is apparent. Rates among black and Hispanic teens were 2–3 higher than that of non-Hispanic white teens. Among the different groups, in 2008 the pregnancy rate per thousand for young women age 15-19 was: 43.3 for non-Hispanic white teens106.6 for Hispanic teens (of any race)117.0 for black teens Teen Abortion Rates and Racial Disparity A similar disparity exists in teen abortion rates across racial and ethnic groups. Abortion rates among black teens were 4 times higher than that of non-Hispanic white teens; among Hispanic teens, the rate was twice as high. Among the different groups, in 2008 the abortion rate per thousand for young women age 15-19 was: 10.4 for non-Hispanic white teens20.1 for Hispanic teens (of any race)40.8 for black teens Teen Birth Rates and Racial Disparity Likewise, the disparity continues in teen birth rates across racial and ethnic groups. Birth rates among black and Hispanic teens in 2008 were twice the rate of non-Hispanic white teens. Among the different groups, in 2008 the birth rate per thousand for young women age 15-19 was: 26.6 for non-Hispanic white teens70.3 for Hispanic teens (of any race)60.1 for black teens Number of Pregnancies, Births, Abortions and Estimated Miscarriages In 2008 the following numbers for women younger than age 20 were recorded and/or estimated: Total number of pregnancies - 746,530Total number of births - 440,522Total number of abortions - 198,100Total number of estimated miscarriages (including stillbirths) - 107,910 Out of a total population of young women age 15-19 in the U.S. of 10,805,000, roughly 7% of teen girls were pregnant in 2008. Source:Kost, Kathryn and Stanley Henshaw. U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2008: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity. Guttmacher Institute, Guttmacher.org. 8 February 2012.

Cell phone use should be banned while driving Essay

Cell phone use should be banned while driving - Essay Example 80 percent of crashes are related to driver inattention. There are certain activities that may be more dangerous than talking on a cell phone. However, cell phone use occurs more frequently and for longer durations than other, riskier behaviours. Thus, the #1 source of driver inattention is cell phones† (Cell Phone Use While Driving Fact Sheet, 2009) The above statistics clearly indicate the association of cell phones in road accidents and also the degree of damages it can cause to the public and the society. Cell phone usages while driving should be prohibited legally in order to prevent such huge losses of lives and property and this paper argues in favor of banning cell phone usages while driving. â€Å"Drivers who use cell phones are four times more likely to be in a crash while using a cell phone† (Cell Phone Use While Driving Fact Sheet, 2009) Driving is an art which requires the co-ordination of hands, legs and eyes together. Moreover the driver’s mind should be focused on what is happening in front and at the back while driving in order to take prompt decisions. Lot of decision making is required while driving. Any faulty decision can create accidents. It is impossible for a driver to take proper driving decisions while using the cell phones. The content of the communication might be good or bad; in both the cases it can result in the mood changes of the driver and thereby his focus on driving will be decreased and accident probability can be increased. Even while taking out the cell phones or operating it; the driver’s attention can be distracted. One moment is enough for an accident to happen. We are living in a stressful world and our mind always agitated with some thoughts. The information we get from other side while using cell phones may not be always good. For example, a business executive can get some fiery words from his superior while driving, because of cell phones.

Risk Analysis(Costa Rica) - international management Essay

Risk Analysis(Costa Rica) - international management - Essay Example chicken, meat, fish, poultry products, and vegetables more than its demand could result to a higher possibility that the supply on-hand will rotten and depreciate its value over time. Unless XYZ would enter into a consignment contract with its suppliers, it is more likely that XYZ would experience a significantly financial loss. The same is true with other food items like canned goods. Over purchasing of slow-moving canned goods increases the supply chain risk associated with its expiration schedule. In some cases, the lack of sufficient supply for a particular consumer goods item could increase the business opportunity loss on the part of XYZ. As part of globalization, XYZ may decide to outsource some of its consumer goods item from other countries. In line with outsourcing, there is an increase supply chain risk associated with the increase of shipping cost due to the sudden increase in the world market prices of oil. As a result of inflation or a sudden weakening of the Costa Rican colon (colones) – the monetary currency in Costa Rica (BBC News; Costa Rica Guide), there is a higher possibility for XYZ to experience a decrease in its annual sales due to the higher market prices of grocery items and the fact that Costa Ricans could purchase less with their money. Having a population size of 4.5 million (BBC News) with 2.3% population growth rate (CostaRica.net) significantly contributes to potential market size for XYZ grocery store. However, there are also a lot of social or cultural risks associated with the types of food items and other non-food products solve at the grocery store. Given the fact that the population of Costa Rica is composed of different races including Ticos and minority groups like Indians, Chinese, Jews, and Black (CostaRica.net), XYZ should be able to accurately identify and consider the cultural aspects of each group in order to satisfy their individual needs and preferences when it comes to food and non-food items. For instance, a

The History Of Italian Cuisine History Essay

The History Of Italian Cuisine History Essay The ingredients and dishes vary from region to region. There are significant regional dishes that have become both national and regional. Cheese and wine are also form a major part of the cuisine, serving different purpose both regionally and nationally. Coffee, and more specifically espresso, has become important to the cultural cuisine of Italy. The famous italian dessert Tiramisu is a coffee flavoured dessert. Italian cuisine has evolved extensively over the centuries. This is a very astonoshing fact that the country called Italy today was not officially formed until the 19th century, thus the Italian cuisine can claim its roots going back to 4th century BC. Italian cuisine is a result of various influences throughout the centuries, which include- neighbor regions, conquerors, high-profile chefs, and political upheavals led to the formation of, a concrete cuisine today known as one of the premiere cuisines in the world called the Italian cuisine. The Romans of the early ages did not appreciate high quality ingredients. Thus they employed the best bakers from Greek to produce their breads, imported pecorini from Sicily as the Sicilians were considered as the best cheese makers. They were also known as being excellent rearer of goats for butchering and gardening of artichokes and leeks. In the medieval ages the Muslims invaded Sicily during the 9th century, what is known today as Northern Europe was attacked by Viking raiders. Sicily had already attained a lot of the culinary traditions from the culinary traditions of Rome and Athens, the highly civilized culture combined with the Sicilian cuisine to bring the first real Italian cuisine. The Arabs introduced spinach,almonds and rice. The Romans were considered to be the masters of preservation techniques which were a necessity as refrigeration had not been invented. The two types of preservation were either chemical or physical. Meats and fish would be smoked, dried or kept on ice.Brine and salt were used to preserve items like pickles,herring and to cure pork meat. Root vegetables were also preserved in brine after they had been parboiled. Other items which were used to preserve foods included oil and vinegar for immersing animal proteins in their own congealed, rendered fat. Liquor, honey and sugar were used for the preservation of fruits. The northern regions of Italy started to show a mix of German and Roman culture while the southern portion reflected the influences of Arab culture as the Arabs controlled much of the Mediterranean trade routes, as such much of the Mediterranean cuisine has been as a result of Arab trade. During the 16th century the macaroni was cooked in a capon stock which was flavoured with saffron, showing the Arab influence on the Italian cuisine. The early modern era of Italian Cuisine was affected by the courts of Florence, Rome, Venice and Ferrara which were integral factors which led to the creation of the fine cooking in Italy. Italian cuisine took a great diversification in the modern age, what was known as Italy today was governed by France, Spain and Austria during the 18th century. In the beginning of the 18th century that the culinary books of Italy began to show the real regioanalism of Italian cuisine in order for Italian chefs to better show the pride of their regions instead of the high cuisine of France, Spain and Austria . As the century progressed the cuisine increased in size, popularity and frequency, During 18th century peasants lived on a diet which consisted of heavy foods. Taken more as a step toward the high cuisine of the Italy which was more refined and delicate, this diet gave the peasants their own identity.Many peasants had to survive by eating rotten foods and moldy breads to survive. REGIONAL CUISINES OF ITALY. Each region of Italy has their own proud specialties, not primarily at regional level only, but even at provincial level. These regional differences come from the influence of a bordering country (such as France or Austria), close proximity to the sea or mountains. Italian cuisine is not only highly regional, but is also distinguished by being very seasonal with high priority placed on the use of fresh, season. IMPORTANT FOOD INGREDIENTS Rice is a popular ingredient in often used in soups as well as risotto. Cheese is a popular course with rabiola or gorgonzala being particularly important (the vast plains of central and southern Lombardy allowing for intensive cattle-raising). Butter is a popular ingredient over oil, and cream in generous amounts COURSES IN ITALIAN CUISINE Aperitivo APPERTIF usually enjoyed as an appetizer before a large meal. Popular drinks include Campari, Cinzano and Vermouth are served to stimulate the appetite. Antipasto Literally means before (the) meal, hot or cold appetizers are served before the pasta dish. In italy patsa is considered to be the main dish an antipasto as the name suggest means before the pasta dish. Primo It is the first course, which usually consists of a lot of hot dish like pasta, risotto,gnocchi, polenta and soup. Secondo The second course, consist of the main dish, which usually comprises of fish or meat. Traditionally veal, pork and chicken are the most commonly used meat, at least in the North, though beef has become more popular now. Games are very popular, particularly in Tuscany. Contorno It is a side dish, whixh basically assist the main dish, it may consist of a salad or cooked vegetables. A traditional menu features salad along with the main course. Mashed potatoes, grilled eggplant and tomatoes are also served. Formaggio e frutta These course comprise of cheese and fruits. Dolce It refers to dessert, where delicacies such as cakes and cookies are served. Caffà ¨ It is the second last course where a cup of a hot black coffee or espresso coffee is served. Digestivo Its the last course where digestives are served for smooth digestion of food, the italians serve liquors/liqueurs such as grappa, amarro and limenello. These course if sometimes referred to as ammazzcaffe literally meaning(coffee killer) IMPORTANT ITALAIN FOOD HABITS. The italians are said to be the masters of delicacies and producing dishes with simplicity and great nutritional value and natural taste of the ingredient is maintain at all the times. They are said the founders of cheese, and all their delicacies uses cheese somehow or the other. Italians are said to be very health conscious and believe in natural herbal food, thus we found a great dominance of medicinal herbs such as rosemary, thyme, celery etc used prominently in almost all their dish. Another characteristic feature of these cuisine is the use of olive oil which is very safe for the health and olive is found in abundance over here thus we find extensive use of olive oil in Italian cuisne. Italian cuisine impact on the world. Italian cuisine is the birthplace of various delicacies which are now famous and in great demand all over the world. The famous PIZZA which people all over the ion which comes world enjoy originated first in Italy where people just love to play with dough and master various types of bread preparation. Foccacia the famous Italian bread along with pita bread is in great demand by people all over Another gift to the world cookery by Italy is what we all know as PASTA today, Almost every house in Italy produces its own pasta and has secret recipes for it, each style and ingredients used differ from other, the dishes made from durham wheat is famous and has affected the diet of people all over the world. Rissotto is another preparation which comes to our mind when we talk of Italian cuisine, the famous arborio rice which is high in starch content is a staple diet of Italians and enjoyed by people all over the world. The culinary history of Italy is incomplete until we talk about cheese, Italians are produced over here. Thus Italian cuisine which has originated over the centuries has now constituted to form an integral part of world cuisine with the fact that its food habits and ingredients are accepted by people all over the world be it cheese, wine, pasta or pizza. SPANISH CUISINE. The country of Spain is surrounded by sea contributes nicely to the world and consists of a variety of dishes which differ according to, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the seas and ocean that surround the country, the extensive history of Spain with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine with literally thousands of recipes and flavors. There are two major diets in the Spanish peninsula. One was found in the northwest part of the peninsula, where more animal fats that correspond to the villages in the north are used extensively. The other could be considered the successor of the Mediterranean diet and was found in the Iberian part of the peninsula. Foods found in historical monuments and sites include diverse types of legumes,onions and garlic.The olive which was introduced by the Spanish has become an integral part of Spanish cuisine. The other major components of a Spanish meal are tomatoes, potatoes and peppers all of which were introduced by the Americans after the Spanish colonialization. In the early era of Spanish cuisine , cabbages were well known and appreciated, and considered a panacea for various aliments. Other popular vegetables of that time were thistle such as artichokes and onions. In Spain the hams of Pomeipolis had great taste and a quality and a class that suits the rich aristocrats. The export of pork products served the basis of a strong local economy. In certain areas of spain lentils were consumed, because of the fact that they formed a staple food for the army and because they were easy to preserve and transport. The famous Fava Beans were known from antiquity and were considered sacred by the Spanish. Mushrooms were common and popular in the northern part of the country. Spain being a mediterranean country is very rich in citrus fruits and the Spanish people have mastered the science of grafting. Viticulture which already was practiced by the Romans was modifies and used in a better way by the Spanish, but it were the Greeks who extended the Vine across theMediterranean countries. During the second era the wealthy people used to dine while lying on a couch (a custom acquired from the Greeks) and using their hands, because fork were not used for eating. Tableclothes were introduced in the 1st century. Knives were known, but not particularly needed at table because the dishes were cut up by slaves into bit slice pieces. The Spanish mode of flavoring and cooking in past is quite distinct from what is found in modern times. IMPORTANT AND FAMOUS SPANISH DELICAICIES Arroz ala Cubana Arroz con Leche(rice pudding) Calameres(Fried squid) Cocido(a chickpea and meat stew of sorts) Chorizo(spicy sausage) Chuletillas(grilled chops of milk fed lamb) Gazpacillaho(cold bread and tomato soup) Fabada Asturiana(bean stew) Jamon Serrano(cured ham) Paella(saffron rice) Everyone doesnt agrees with the fact that there is one common definition for Spanish cuisine. Some typically assume that Spanish dishes (paella, serrano ham, etc) are consumed outside of Spain, while the regions which comprising of the Basque Country share dishes which are non-existent. It is quiet obvious that Spanish cuisine is the food eaten in Spain, but there are equally well-defined Basque and Catalan cuisines which offer significant differences with the cuisine of Spain. SPAIN CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD Spanish food is in great demand by people all over the world, their food habits with use of olive oil, citrus fruits has fascinated people all over the world, various varieties of arroz produced over here has affected the diet of people all over the world. The famous Gazpacho soup a cold soup is famous all over the world, spain is considered as the best producers of sausages, hams and salamis, which have affected cuisines all over the world. The famous hot dog which people all over enjoy is a result of the sausages produced in spain, moreover spain gift to the world are wines being a Mediterranean county citrus fruits grow extensively and various varieties of grapes are found producing the best wines, thus Spanish cuisine uses loads of wine and citrus fruits and vegetables.

Biggest Impact on Todays Society: Religion Essay

Religion has played a role in peoples life’s ever since ancient times. Whether it be God, Allah, Zeus etc. Even those who do not believe or practice a certain are affected by it in one way or another. Among all religions I believe that the creation of Christianity has had the largest impact on modern day society. The three main reasons I believe that this has such a great impact is because peoples everyday life and culture is defined by Christianity, it can play a role in eduction and school and there is always disputes between Christians and other religions. Contrary to popular belief that the birth of Jesus Christ was the the birth of Christianity it was actually the death of Jesus was the birth of Christianity. After the resurrection of Jesus his apostles began the Christian movement and established Christian communities throughout Asia Minor and along the shores of the Aegean Sea. Jesus brought with him the â€Å"revised† version of the bible, the New Testament. The ten commandments began to make Christians to try live a holy live and steer clear of sin as much as possible. Current day practicing Christians such as Seventh day Adventists have days of worship on a weekly basis Seventh Day Adventists are just one of the many branches of Christianity that encourage a certain lifestyle. Practicing Seventh Day Adventists lives their everyday lives based on their interpretations of the bible. Communities that are largely populated by Seventh Day Adventists are mostly vegetarian . It is very common to see whole foods and vegan markets in these ares. The believe in living a healthy life and encourage being vegetarians because they believe in following the â€Å"original diet plan,† that was given when Adam and Eve were excluded from the garden of Eden. This can be seen in Genesis, â€Å"and you will eat the plants of the field† {Genesis 3:18}. Seventh Day Adventists are allowed to eat red meat such as beef since it is not restricted unlike pork. Diet restrictions can be seen in Leviticus. Some of these restriction include pork and shellfish. Many offices and schools that are Seventh Day Adventists close early on Fridays to prepare for Sabbath. The observe the seventh day of the week, Saturday as a holy day. Sabbath is observed from sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday. Sabbath is a day of rest and only necessary work must. This practice derives from the creation story, it is said that God created the Earth in six days and rested on the seventh. Practicing Christians are non-Christians alike are affect by Christianity in one way or another. Since ancient times people have been fighting over religion. Many wars over religion involve disputes between Muslims, pagans etc. s. Christianity. Unfortunately lots of blood has been shed due to religions disputes. These disputes do not always involve bloodshed. Often times people get into heated arguments over religion. For this reason people often try to avoid even discussing matters of religion. I believe that the creation of Christianity has played the biggest impact in modern day society. It plays a role in people lives whether they are Christians or not. Without the creation of Christianity history would have not been the same.

Gsm Call Flow

GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile Station User Mobile Mobile Network Base Stations NSS BSS MSC VLR Fixed Network PSTN PSTN EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 1) LEG: GSM Mobile Originated Call This sequence diagram was generated with EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 (http://www. EventHelix. com/EventStudio). Copyright  © 2008 EventHelix. com Inc. All Rights Reserved. The EventStudio source files for this document can be downloaded from http://www. eventhelix. com/call-flow/gsm-call-setup. zip. This scenario describes the call setup for a GSM originating call.A mobile user calling a land line subscriber is covered here. Copyright  © 2000-2008 EventHelix. com Inc. All Rights Reserved. The user keys in the phone number for the landline subscriber and .. .. presses the Send button Dial the called person's number Send Button Begin RR Connection Establishment Call related information needs to be transported from the mobile phone to the Mobile Switchin g Center (MSC). This requires the establishment of a Radio Resource (RR) connection to MSC. The first phase of the call setup just sets up this RR connection. RR CHANNEL REQUEST RACH RR connection establishment is triggered by sending the ChannelRequest message. This message requests the Base Station System (BSS) for allocation for radio resources for the RR connection setup. The mobile now waits for an assignment on the Access Grant Channel (AGCH). At this point the mobile is listening to the AGCH for a reply. Note: The RR CHANNEL REQUEST is sent on a Random Access Channel (RACH). This is a slotted aloha channel that can be used at random, without any coordination between the mobiles. Any mobile can transmit on this channel whenever it wishes. If two mobiles transmit on the channel at the same time, their messages will be lost in a collision.The mobiles will detect the collision via a timeout and retransmit the message after a random back off. allocate TCH RR IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT A GCH, Radio_Resource = (TCH, Frequency, Timeslot), Time Correction, Frequency Correction Apply the time and frequency corrections Tune to the frequency and timeslot RR SABM + MM CM SERVICE REQUEST TCH, SAPI = 0 The BSS allocates a Traffic Channel (TCH) to the mobile. The TCH allocation assigns a specifies a frequency and a timeslot on that frequency. After the mobile receives this message, the mobile shall only use the specified resources for communication with the mobile network.The BSS transmits the radio resource assignment to the Mobile via the AGCH channel. The message also contains the time and frequency corrections. The time corrections allow the mobile to time it's transmissions so that they reach the BSS only in the specified slot. The frequency corrections correct for the Doppler shift caused by the mobile's motion. Adjust the frequency and timing based on the advice from the BSS. This step is required so that transmissions from the mobile reach the base station at the prec ise time and with the correct frequency. The mobile detunes from the AGCH and tunes to the specified radio channel.This is the first message that is sent after tuning to the channel. The Mobile initiates a LAPm connection with the BSC by sending a Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM) message. The service request message meant for the MSC is also sent in this message. GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile Network Mobile Station Base Stations NSS User Mobile BSS MSC VLR RR UA Fixed Network PSTN PSTN TCH, SAPI = 0 SCCP CONNECTION REQUEST + MM CM SERVICE REQUEST SS7 Check subscriber authentication EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 2) The BSS replies with Unnumbered Acknowledge (UA) to complete theLAPm setup handshake The BSS receives the CM Service Request message from the mobile and forms a â€Å"BSSMAP COMPLETE LAYER 3 INFORMATION†. The BSS then piggy backs the message on the SCCP connection request message. LEG: Skip Authentication Procedure MS C checks if the subscriber has been authenticated. In this case, the subscriber has already been authenticated, so the authentication procedure is skipped. Enable Ciphering BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMMAND Expect ciphered data from the mobile RR CIPHERING MODE COMMAND mode = CLEAR Enable ciphering for received and transmitted data RR CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE mode = CIPHEREDEnable ciphering of data transmitted to the mobile BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMPLETE Since the subscriber has been successfully authenticated, the MSC initiates ciphering of the data being sent on the channel. The channel is ciphered so as so protect the call from eavesdropping. Ciphering on the radio link is enabled in three steps. As a first step, the BSS starts expecting ciphered data from the mobile but continues to send data in clear. Since the mobile has not been informed about the ciphering, all data received from the mobile will be in error. The BSS sends the CIPHERING MODE COMMAND to the mobile. The mobile ill be able to receive this message as the transmission from the BSS is still in clear. As a second step, the Mobile receives the message and enables ciphering in transmit and receive directions. This action will result in all BSS data being received in error. (The BSS is still transmitting data in clear. ) Ciphering has already been enabled, so this message is transmitted with ciphering. The BSS will receive this message as it is already expecting ciphered data in the receive direction. The third and final step in the ciphering handshake. The BSS enables the ciphering in transmit direction. From this oint on ciphering is enabled in both directions. BSS replies back to the MSC, indicating that ciphering has been successfully enabled. RR Connection Establishment Completed At this point a connection has been setup between the Mobile and the MSC. From this point onward, the BSS is just acting as a conduit for transporting the signaling messages between the Mobile and the MSC. Call Setup CC SETUP Dialed Digits The Mobile sends the setup message to establish a voice call. The message contains the dialed digits and other information needed for call GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile StationUser Mobile Mobile Network Base Stations NSS BSS MSC VLR Fixed Network PSTN PSTN EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 3) establishment. The mobile is informed that the call setup is in progress. At this point, the mobile phone displays a message on the screen to indicate that call setup is being attempted. CC CALL PROCEEDING Connecting†¦ Mode Modify allocate Voice circuit towards BSS BSSMAP ASSIGNMENT REQUEST Voice circuit RR CHANNEL MODE MODIFY RR CHANNEL MODE MODIFY ACKNOWLEDGE BSSMAP ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE The BSS responds back to the MSC. ISUP INITIAL ADDRESS MESSAGE SS7, Dialed DigitsCC ALERTING The MSC allocates a voice circuit on one the digital trunks between the MSC and the BSS. MSC informs the BSS about the allocated voice circuit. The call is also switched from signaling to voice. The BSS notifies the Mobile about the changeover to voice mode. Mobile acknowledges. The MSC routes the call and sends the call towards the called subscriber ISUP ADDRESS COMPLETE MESSAGE The PSTN indicates to the MSC that it has received all the digits and the called SS7 subscriber is being rung. The MSC informs the mobile that the called subscriber is being alerted via a ring Alerting Tone ISUP ANSWERThe called subscriber answers the call. SS7 CC CONNECT The MSC informs the mobile that the call has been answered. Acknowledge the recipt of CC CONNECT. CC CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE Connected Display that the call has been connected. Conversation Speech The call has entered the conversation phase. The speech path has been setup between the mobile subscriber and the land-line subscriber. Call Release End Button CC DISCONNECT ISUP RELEASE SS7 Disconnect Voice Path LEG: Mobile initiates call release The mobile subscriber hits End to clear the call. The mobile sends the disconnect message to the MSC. The MSC initiates release on the PSTN ide. The MSC disconnects the voice path and also releases the voice circuit between the BSS and the MSC. free Voice circuit towards BSS CC RELEASE The MSC informs the Mobile that it has initiated call release GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call) Cell Mobile Station User Mobile Mobile Network Fixed Network Base Stations NSS PSTN BSS MSC VLR PSTN ISUP RELEASED SS7 ISUP RELEASE COMPLETE SS7 CC RELEASE COMPLETE EventStudio System Designer 4. 0 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 4) The MSC informs the PSTN that the call release has been completed. The PSTN informs that call release has been completed at its end.Mobile indicates that the call has been released. RR Connection Release BSSMAP CLEAR COMMAND RR CHANNEL RELEASE BSSMAP CLEAR COMPLETE RR DISC RR UA free TCH Call Released Indication Call release has been completed, now the RR connection is released by the MSC. The BSS initiates RR release with the mobile. The BSS i nforms the the MSC that the RR connection has been released. The mobile sends a disconnect message to release the LAPm connection. The BSS replies with an Unnumbered Acknowledge message. The BSS releases the TCH channel. Mobile goes back to the default display to indicate that call has been completely released.

What Were the Navigation Acts

The Navigation Acts were a series of laws imposed by England’s Parliament in the late 1600s to regulate English ships and restrict trade and commerce with other nations. In the 1760s, Parliament made significant changes to the Navigation Acts in order to increase colonial revenue, thus directly influencing the onset of revolution in the colonies. Key Takeaways: The Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were a series of laws passed by the English Parliament to regulate shipping and maritime commerce.The Acts increased colonial revenue by taxing the goods going to and from British colonies.The Navigation Acts (particularly their effect on trade in the colonies) were one of the direct economic causes of the American Revolution. Background By the time the Navigation Acts were first enacted in the 17th century, England had a long history of mercantile legislation. In the late 1300s, a law was passed under King Richard II stating that English imports and exports could only be transported in English-owned ships, and no trade or commerce could be undertaken in vessels owned by foreign parties. Two centuries later, Henry VIII declared that all mercantile ships had to be not only English-owned, but also built in England and consisting of a majority English-born crew. These policies helped expand the British empire when colonialism began to take root, and charters and royal patents were issued that continued the tradition of English control over maritime commerce. In particular, legislation regulating the transport of tobacco—a major commodity from the North American colonies —and the prohibition of French goods laid the foundation for the eventual passage of the Navigation Acts. Navigation Acts in the 1600s In the latter part of the seventeenth century, a series of laws called the Navigation Acts were passed, in part due to demand by merchants. These laws allowed Parliament to rigidly define all matters of maritime shipping and trade. Each successive Navigation Act is listed below beneath each acts official title. An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation (1651) Passed by Parliament under Oliver Cromwell, this law gave the Commonwealth the power to pass further legislation regulating international trade. It also reinforced the previously existing statute that forbade foreign-owned ships from importing or exporting goods to or from England or its colonies. A specific prohibition against the transport of salted fish was aimed at Dutch merchants. An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and Navigation (1660) This law further strengthened the Act of 1651. It also tightened restrictions on crew nationality, increasing the required number of English-born sailors from a majority to a strict 75%. Captains who failed to ensure this ratio could be forced to forfeit their ship and its contents. An Act for the Encouragement of Trade (1663) This law required that any and all cargo bound for the American colonies or other countries had to be routed through England for inspection, and taxes had to be paid upon the goods before they could leave English ports. In effect, this law blocked colonists from forming their own trade economy. In addition,the law led to increased shipping time, which resulted in higher costs on goods. An Act for the Encouragement of the Greenland and Eastland Trades (1673) This law increased England’s presence in the whale oil and fishing industries in the Baltic region. It also instituted customs charges on goods traveling from one colony to another. The Plantation Trade Act (1690) This law tightened up regulations from previous Acts and gave colonial customs agents the same scope of power as their counterparts in England. The Molasses Act of 1733 Commerce in the American colonies was tightly restricted by this series of laws restricting trade, but perhaps no Act had as much impact as the Molasses Act of 1733. This law, like the others, was designed to limit trade from the French West Indies. Molasses was a hot commodity, but this act imposed a steep import tax on the product—sixpence on each gallon of molasses—which forced American colonists to buy the more expensive cane sugar from the British West Indies. The Molasses Act was in effect for just thirty years, but those three decades increased English revenue considerably. The year after the Molasses Act expired, Parliament passed the Sugar Act.   The Sugar Act increased taxes on goods imported into the already financially-strapped colonies, forcing merchants to raise prices. Figures such as Samuel Adams protested against the Sugar Act, believing that its economic impact could be devastating for colonists. Adams wrote: [This law] annihilates our Charter Right to govern tax ourselves – It strikes our British Privileges, which as we have never forfeited them, we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain: If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves? Consequences of the Navigation Acts In England, the Navigation Acts had clear benefits. In addition to creating decades of economic upswing, the Navigation Acts turned English port cities into hubs of commerce thanks to the exclusion of foreign shippers. London, in particular, benefited from the Navigation Acts, and the eventual rapid growth of the Royal Navy helped England become a maritime superpower in the seventeenth century. In the American colonies, however, the Navigation Acts led to significant upheaval. The colonists felt unrepresented by Parliament, and although most of the Acts had little effect on the average colonist, they drastically affected the livelihoods of merchants. As a result, merchants vocally protested the laws. The Navigation Acts are considered one of the direct causes of the American Revolution. Sources Broeze, Frank J. A. â€Å"The New Economic History, the Navigation Acts, and the Continental Tabacco Market, 1770-90.† The Economic History Review, 1 Jan. 1973, www.jstor.org/stable/2593704.  Digital History, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID3psid4102.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"United States History.† Navigation Acts, www.u-s-history.com/pages/h621.html.